Great Depression and New Deal Review Answers Chapter 14
This timeline provides a chronology of New Deal legislation & programs, presidential elections, key speeches, state of the economic system, and important events.
For more information on any of the New Bargain programs found in this timeline, such every bit the CCC or WPA, to our "New Deal Programs" folio. There yous will find one-page summaries of over fifty laws and programs organized by policy loonshit. You lot can notice the same program briefs listed alphabetically on a separate page.
Office I: The Stock Market Crash, the Cracking Depression, and the first New Bargain, 1929-1934
October 1929:
The Stock Market place Crash sets the phase for the Cracking Depression.
1929-1932:
The unemployment rate reaches 22.9%, gross domestic production drops sharply (a 23.1% driblet from 1931 to 1932 lonely), the Dow Jones Industrial Average drops from about 241 to 60, and there are 5,755 bank failures – with many depositors losing their life savings. Large numbers of Americans lose their homes and farms.
Nov viii, 1932:
President Roosevelt wins the presidential election, beating sitting Republican President Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt wins 472 Electoral College votes (88.9%) to Hoover'due south 59, and 57.4% of the popular vote to Hoover's 39.6%.
1932-1933:
The "Pecora Investigation," led by U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck and as well, eventually, chaser Ferdinand Pecora, exposes wide-calibration fraud and greed in some of America'southward largest fiscal institutions, thereby laying the background for New Bargain reforms of Wall Street and the banking manufacture.
Feb xv, 1933:
Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate Franklin Roosevelt in Miami, Florida. Roosevelt escapes injury but Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak, who had come to Miami to meet with Roosevelt, is shot and killed. Several other people are injured.
March 4, 1933:
During his first inaugural address, President Roosevelt tells the American people: "And then, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the just thing nosotros have to fear is fear itself – nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance."
March 5, 1933:
President Roosevelt declares a bank holiday. The holiday closes the nation's banks for several days in an endeavour to curb the number of banking concern runs and depository financial institution failures.
March nine, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs the Emergency Banking Relief Act into law. The law aims to shore up the nation'due south troubled banking – for example, by examining the financial health of individual banks.
March 12, 1933:
In the first of many "Fireside Conversation" radio broadcasts, President Roosevelt tells the American people, "Your Government does not intend that the history of the past few years shall exist repeated. We do not want and will non accept another epidemic of bank failures."
March 22, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs the Beer-Wine Acquirement Act, a law that helps pave the style towards the repeal of the 18th Amendment (Prohibition).
March 31, 1933:
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) is created past the Emergency Conservation Work Act, putting unemployed young men to work in the nation's forests and parks. The CCC ultimately employs about three million men in conservation piece of work (east.m., planting copse, reducing erosion, and fighting fires).
May 12, 1933:
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) is created, via the Federal Emergency Relief Human activity of 1933, to provide work and cash relief for Americans struggling to get through the Corking Depression.
May 12, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs into constabulary the Agricultural Aligning Act. The law seeks to reduce surpluses of subcontract goods and livestock. The constabulary also creates the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA).
May 18, 1933:
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is created with the passage of the Tennessee Valley Authority Act to provide affordable power and flood control, which it still does to this day.
May 27, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs the Securities Human activity of 1933. The law is designed to reduce fraudulent activities on Wall Street.
June x, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs Executive Guild 6166 to place all national parks, monuments and battlefields under the National Park Service.
June xiii, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs the Abode Owners' Loan Act of 1933. The constabulary assists mortgage lenders and individual home owners by issuing bonds and loans for troubled mortgages, back taxes, habitation owners' insurance, and necessary domicile repairs. It creates the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) to administer the provisions of the act.
June 16, 1933:
The Cyberbanking Act of 1933 ("Glass-Steagall") is signed into law. It separates commercial and investment banking, and also creates the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits, curb banking company runs, and reduce the number of bank failures. The FDIC nonetheless functions today.
June xvi, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs the Subcontract Credit Act, making credit more accessible to farmers, and with fairer terms than individual sector lending (e.g., lower interest rates).
June 16, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs the National Industrial Recovery Act into law. Title I regulates certain business activities (and volition ultimately be ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court). Championship 2 creates the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, which eventually becomes known as the Public Works Administration (PWA). During the next 10 years the PWA contributes billions of dollars towards tens of thousands of infrastructure projects all beyond the nation.
June sixteen, 1933:
With Executive Order No. 6174, President Roosevelt authorizes upwardly to $238 million in Public Works Administration (PWA) funds for the Navy. From these funds, 32 naval vessels are congenital and many cease up playing primal roles during World War II.
August 22, 1933:
President Roosevelt signs Presidential Annunciation declaring Cedar Breaks in Utah a National Monument – the first of xx-one he would designate during his presidency.
October 4, 1933:
The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation is created. The name is changed to Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation on November 18, 1935. The bureau provides millions of tons of food and commodities (due east.thou., blankets) to those in demand.
October 9, 1933:
A Procurement Division of the U.Southward. Treasury is established, and within this division the Public Works Co-operative is created – later named the Public Buildings Branch (PBB). The PBB utilizes funding from the Public Works Administration (PWA) and emergency relief appropriations to build and repair federal buildings, e.grand., post offices, courthouses, and hospitals.
Oct 23, 1933:
With the clearing of trees, the Regular army Corps of Engineers begins the construction of the Fort Peck Dam, ane of the many large Corps projects made possible with New Deal funding (PWA and emergency relief appropriations).
November ix, 1933:
The Civil Works Administration (CWA) is created with Executive Club No. 6420B, under the power granted to President Roosevelt by the National Industrial Recovery Act. By January 1934, over 4 million formerly-jobless Americans are employed by the CWA. During the program, over $800 million will exist spent employing men to build 44,000 miles of new roads, install 1,000 miles of new h2o mains, construct or amend 4,000 schools, and much more.
December 8, 1933:
The Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) is created by an allocation of funds from the Civil Works Assistants. Unemployed artists are hired to create works of art for public buildings and parks. They volition create near 16,000 works of art.
During 1933:
Unemployment drops from 22.9% to 20.half-dozen%, gross domestic production loses four% from 1932 (equally opposed to the 23.one% loss from 1931 to 1932), and the Dow Jones Industrial Boilerplate rises from threescore to 99. At that place are 4,000 bank failures. But New Deal spending programs and fiscal reforms are just start to exist implemented.
Early on Jan, 1934:
President Roosevelt appoints a Committee on Wildlife Restoration consisting of ecologist Aldo Leopold, conservationist Jay Darling and publisher Thomas Beck, who effect a written report in February calling from the government to purchase millions of acres of driveling land for wild fauna refuges.
President Roosevelt appoints a Commission on Wildlife Restoration consisting of ecologist Aldo Leopold, conservationist Jay Darling and publisher Thomas Brook, who consequence a report in February calling from the government to purchase millions of acres of abused state for wildlife refuges.
Jan 30, 1934:
President Roosevelt signs the Gold Reserve Deed of 1934 into law. The constabulary transfers buying of well-nigh all privately-held gold in America to the U.S. Treasury (for compensation in U.Due south. Treasury Notes, i.due east., dollar bills).
March 1934:
President Roosevelt declares 1934 the Year of the National Park. He would keep to sign congressional legislation creating eight new National Parks over the course of his presidency, including Shendandoah, Everglades and Olympic NPs.
March six, 1934:
President Roosevelt signs the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Postage Deed (commonly known as the Duck Stamp Act), which raises funds for the acquisition of marginal farm and ranch land for federal wild animals refuges. Almost 100 new refuges would be established past 1940 and another 50 by 1945.
March x, 1934
Congress passes the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act requiring federal agencies working on h2o resource development to mitigate agin impacts on fish and promoting new wildlife refuges from other federal lands
May 20, 1934:
The Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) ends. This 5-month-long program employed iii,749 artists and created 15,663 works of fine art.
June 6, 1934:
The Securities Act of 1934 is signed into law by President Roosevelt. The police creates the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and gives the SEC regulatory and disciplinary powers. The SEC still exists today.
June xviii, 1934:
President Roosevelt signs the Indian Reorganization Act, a law that returns or adds tribal state, spurs the development of tribal concern, creates a system of credit, and promotes tribal self-governance.
June xix, 1934:
President Roosevelt signs the Communication Deed of 1934. The law creates a centralized regulatory potency, the Federal Communications Commission, to oversee the communications manufacture.
June 27, 1934:
President Roosevelt signs the National Housing Act to facilitate greater lending for home construction, dwelling house purchasing, and dwelling improvements. The police force also creates the Federal Housing Assistants (FHA).
July fourteen, 1934:
The last lingering employment in the Civil Works Administration (CWA) ends (the vast bulk had ended by March 31). The CWA had spent virtually $800 one thousand thousand employing over 4 million men on diverse infrastructure projects, due east.g., 44,000 miles of new roads, 1,000 miles of new water mains, and 4,000 new or improved schools.
August 8, 1934:
Construction of the All-American Culvert begins in California. The canal is a U.S. Agency of Reclamation project and ane of the many Bureau water delivery projects made possible with funding assistance from the Public Works Assistants (PWA). Today, the canal still provides irrigation water for hundreds of thousands of acres and as well produces hydroelectric power.
October 16, 1934:
Treasury Secretarial assistant Henry Morgenthau, Jr., creates the Treasury Department of Painting and Sculpture. Betwixt 1933 and 1943, this fine art program creates over 1,000 murals and over 260 sculptures for federal buildings, eastward.g., post offices.
During 1934:
The unemployment rate is downwardly to 16% (from virtually 22.9% at the start of Roosevelt'due south presidency), gross domestic production rises dramatically (a 16.9% increment from 1933), the Dow Jones Industrial Boilerplate is up to 104 (from lx in 1932), and at that place are 9 bank failures – compared to 4,000 in 1933 and 14,807 from 1921 through 1933.
Part II: The Second New Deal – A Resolute Commitment to Infrastructure, Conservation, and the Full general Welfare, 1935-1936
April 27, 1935:
President Roosevelt signs the Soil Conservation Deed, creating the Soil Conservation Service (SCS). The new agency helps preserve America's agricultural land from erosion and overuse. The SCS remains active for the next fifty years and helps facilitate the creation of thousands of state-level soil conservation districts, which nonetheless operate today.
May 1, 1935:
President Roosevelt creates the Resettlement Administration (RA) with Executive Order No. 7027, under authority of the Emergency Relief Cribbing Human action of 1935. The RA is created to resettle destitute Americans, address environmental bug, and make loans to farmers. The program ends in 1937, with many duties and responsibilities taken over by the newly-created Farm Security Administration (FSA).
May 6, 1935:
President Roosevelt creates the Works Progress Assistants (WPA) on May 6, 1935 with Executive Order No. 7034, under authorization of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. The program is created to provide jobs for unemployed Americans and to improve the nation's infrastructure. The WPA employs over 8.5 one thousand thousand jobless Americans during its 8 years of operation.
May 11, 1935:
With Executive Club No. 7037, President Roosevelt creates the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). The REA's mission is to bring electric power to rural areas, where private companies take avoided doing business organisation.
May 27, 1935:
The U.S. Supreme Courtroom rules Title I, Department iii of the National Industrial Recovery Human action as an unconstitutional restraint of interstate commerce. The offending section of the police force had imposed a system of codes on American businesses, controlling things such as production and wages.
May 28, 1935:
President Roosevelt creates the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Assistants (PRRA) with Executive Gild No. 7057. The bureau lasted until 1955 and profoundly improved Puerto Rico's infrastructure, teaching system, agricultural country, and health services.
June 26, 1935:
President Roosevelt creates the National Youth Assistants (NYA) with Executive Guild No. 7086, nether authority of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. The program is designed to provide work, education, and task grooming for unemployed young men and women. It employs 4.seven million young Americans over its eight year life.
June 28, 1935:
President Roosevelt signs the Taylor Grazing Act into law, catastrophe open grazing on public rangelands and establishing the Partitioning of Grazing (later US Grazing Service) in the Section of Interior to regulate entry and practices on fourscore meg acres of previously unreserved federal lands (excluding Alaska).
July 5, 1935:
President Roosevelt signs the National Labor Relations Deed (or "Wagner Human activity"). The police force enhances labor's ability to unionize and, over the long term, makes labor-direction relations less vehement. The law is administered by the National Labor Relations Lath (NLRB), which still exists today in a much-weakened form.
August, 1935:
The Treasury Relief Fine art Project (TRAP) is established to hire unemployed artists to create art for public places. Information technology lasts until 1939, but the bulk of its employment is from 1935 to 1937. The program spends $750,000 to create near 10,000 easel paintings, 89 murals, and 43 sculptures.
Baronial xiv, 1935:
The Social Security Act is signed into police force. One of the most pop and indelible programs of the New Deal, the police creates an old age pension system and other social safety net programs that have been a stone of economic security for Americans always since.
Baronial 23, 1935:
The Banking Act of 1935 is signed into law past President Roosevelt. The act reorganizes the Federal Reserve Banking concern system to reduce the power of the New York branch.
Aug. & Sept. 1935:
Federal Project Number One is established. Eventually, it will contain the Federal Art Project (FAP), Federal Music Project (FMP), Federal Writers' Projection (FWP), Federal Theatre Projection (FTP), and Historical Records Survey (HRS) – all WPA-sponsored programs. Federal Project Number Ane ended in June 1939, only its component units (except for the FTP) would final some other few years under a different organizational framework within the WPA. Collectively, these programs created hundreds of thousands of artworks, performances, books, plays, historical inventories, and more.
December 31, 1935:
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) ends its principal operations (but complete liquidation will take several more years). Between 1933 and 1935, FERA granted $3 billion to states for various types of work and greenbacks relief for the needy, and kept many cities from going bankrupt.
During 1935:
The unemployment rate is down to 14.2% (from about 22.9% at the outset of Roosevelt's presidency), gdp rises dramatically again (an 11.1% increase from 1934), the Dow Jones Industrial Average is up to 143 (from 104 in 1934), and in that location are 25 bank failures – compared to fourteen,807 bank failures from 1921 through 1933.
January 6, 1936:
In Usa 5. Butler, the U.S. Supreme Court finds the Agricultural Aligning Act of 1933 unconstitutional, ruling that the command of agriculture is a country office, not a federal one.
May twenty, 1936:
President Roosevelt signs the Rural Electrification Act of 1936. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) had been created a twelvemonth before, but new legislation was needed to address bug that the bureau had encountered (due east.g., the lack of involvement shown past private companies to partner with REA to bring electric power to rural areas).
June 19, 1936:
President Roosevelt signs the Robinson-Patman Act (or "Anti-Toll Bigotry Human action"). The police force attempts to curtail monopolistic control and discriminatory pricing in industry and business.
September ane, 1936:
In its annual report, the Bureau of Public Roads reports thousands of miles of roadwork underway or completed with funding from the Public Works Administration (PWA) and labor from the Works Progress Assistants (WPA).
October 31, 1936:
At Madison Square Garden, a few days before voters would head to the polls, President Roosevelt acknowledged the opposition he faced from many in the business community: "We had to struggle with the old enemies of peace – business organisation and financial monopoly, speculation, reckless banking, class animosity, sectionalism, state of war profiteering. They had begun to consider the Regime of the The states every bit a mere appendage to their ain affairs. And nosotros know now that Government by organized money is only as dangerous as Government past organized mob. Never before in all our history take these forces been so united confronting one candidate as they stand today. They are unanimous in their hate for me, and I welcome their hatred."
November iii, 1936:
Roosevelt wins his second term equally president, beating Republican challenger Alf Landon. Roosevelt wins 523 Electoral Higher votes (98.5%) to Landon's viii, and 60.8% of the popular vote to Landon'southward 36.v%.
During 1936:
The unemployment rate is down to nine.9% (from nearly 22.9% at the start of Roosevelt'due south presidency), gross domestic product rises dramatically over again (a xiv.3% increase from 1935), the Dow Jones Industrial Average is upwardly to 181 (from 143 in 1935), and there are 69 banking concern failures – compared to fourteen,807 depository financial institution failures from 1921 through 1933.
Part III: A Third New Deal? Ameliorate Working Weather condition & More Power for the People, 1937-1938
January 20, 1937:
Though the New Bargain has made bang-up progress towards repairing the nation's economy and providing greater opportunity for Americans, President Roosevelt, during his second inaugural address, stated: "I come across one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished…The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who take much; it is whether nosotros provide plenty for those who have as well little."
February 5, 1937:
Roosevelt introduces a plan to increase the membership of the Supreme Court, with up to six additional justices. It is introduced afterward years of hostility by the Supreme Court towards the New Deal and becomes known equally Roosevelt's "court-packing" plan. Information technology is ultimately unsuccessful, but only months afterward it is introduced, the Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of National Labor Relations Deed and the Social Security Deed.
July 22, 1937:
President Roosevelt signs the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, which opens up credit to tenant farmers and sharecroppers for the purchase of farming country.
August 20, 1937:
President Roosevelt signs the Bonneville Project Human action into constabulary, which facilitates the cosmos of the Bonneville Ability Administration (BPA). To this day, the BPA supplies power to millions of Americans in the Pacific Northwest and surrounding areas.
September i, 1937:
President Roosevelt signs the Usa Housing Act of 1937 (the "Wagner-Steagall Act") into law, creating the U.s. Housing Authority (USHA). Over the course of several years, the USHA makes loans to help construct hundreds of affordable housing developments. Today, public housing is a part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
September 2, 1937:
President Roosevelt signs the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (popularly known as the Pittman-Robertson Act) to levy an excise taxation on guns and ammunition using in hunting for the purpose of funding state wild fauna refuges.
During 1937:
The unemployment rate is down to ix.one% (from about 22.nine% at the outset of Roosevelt's presidency), gross domestic production rises dramatically again (a nine.six% increase from 1936), the Dow Jones Industrial Boilerplate drops to 122 (from 181 in 1936), and at that place are 75 bank failures – compared to xiv,807 bank failures from 1921 through 1933.
June 23, 1938:
President Roosevelt signs the Civil Helmsmanship Human activity of 1938. The law improves air commerce, post delivery, airplane rubber, and national defense. It likewise leads to the creation of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which notwithstanding exists.
June 24, 1938:
During a Fireside Conversation in support of the Fair Labor Standards Act, Roosevelt said to the American People: "Do not let any cataclysm-howling executive with an income of $1,000 a day, who has been turning his employees over to the Government relief rolls in order to preserve his company's undistributed reserves, tell you lot—using his stockholders' money to pay the postage for his personal opinions—that a wage of $11 a week is going to have a disastrous effect on all American manufacture."
June 25, 1938:
President Roosevelt signs the Fair Labor Standards Human activity. The law establishes a minimum wage, a standard work calendar week, overtime pay, and likewise prohibits certain types of child labor. These rules withal pertain today.
During 1938:
The New Bargain sputters, due to a reduction in public works spending and an try by President Roosevelt to balance the budget – the and then-chosen "Roosevelt Recession." The unemployment rate rises to 12.v% (up from ix.one% in 1937), gross domestic product drops half-dozen.1% from 1937, but the Dow Jones Industrial Average rises to 154 (from 122 in 1937), and in that location are only 74 banking company failures – compared to fourteen,807 bank failures from 1921 through 1933.
Part Four: The Final Years of the New Bargain
Apr 3, 1939:
President Roosevelt signs into police the Reorganization Act of 1939. The reorganization ultimately creates a few new agencies and consolidates others. For example, the Public Works Administration (PWA) and the Works Progress Assistants (WPA) are both put nether the newly-created Federal Works Agency.
May 16, 1939:
A "Nutrient Stamp Plan" is created within the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation (FSCC), planting the seed for our mod Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Plan (SNAP, nonetheless popularly called "Nutrient Stamps").
June xxx, 1939:
The WPA'due south Federal Theatre Projection (FTP) ends, a victim of congressional angst over racial integration, charges of communism, and perceived "wasteful spending." The FTP had entertained millions of Americans with performances all beyond the nation.
July ane, 1939:
The Federal Works Agency (FWA) begins, created by the Reorganization Act of 1939 and subsequent reorganization plans written by the Roosevelt Administration. Under the FWA are brought the Public Works Administration (PWA), the Works Progress Administration (WPA, renamed "Piece of work Projects Administration"), the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR, renamed "Public Roads Assistants"), the United States Housing Authority (USHA), and a new agency, the Public Buildings Administration (PBA), which took over the duties and functions of the Public Buildings Branch of the U.South. Treasury. The FWA focuses on the federal, state, and local building needs of the nation (including wartime & defense manufacture housing and public works).
July 1, 1939:
The Federal Security Agency (FSA) begins, created past the Reorganization Human action of 1939 and subsequent reorganization plans written past the Roosevelt Administration. Under the FSA are brought the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), National Youth Administration (NYA), Office of Education, Public Wellness Service, and Social Security Board. The FSA focuses on the educational, wellness, employment, and social service needs of the nation.
During 1939:
President Roosevelt and his New Deal policymakers return to public works spending. The unemployment rate drops from 12.5% to 11.3%, gross domestic product rises seven% from 1938, the Dow Jones Industrial Average drops slightly from 154 to 150, and at that place are 60 banking company failures – compared to fourteen,807 depository financial institution failures from 1921 through 1933.
June 30, 1940:
The Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation (FSCC) ends, and it duties and functions are taken over by the Surplus Marketing Administration (pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. III). The FSCC had distributed millions of tons of food and bolt (eastward.g., blankets) to help those of express means get through the Dandy Depression.
July 25, 1940:
President Roosevelt, by Presidential Announcement 2416, consolidates all wildlife areas under federal jurisdiction into a single system of National Wild fauna Refuges and merges the Bureau of Biological Survey and the Bureau of Fisheries into the U.Due south. Fish & Wild animals Service.
Nov v, 1940:
President Roosevelt wins his third term equally president, beating Republican challenger Wendell Wilkie. Roosevelt wins 449 Electoral College votes (84.6%) to Wilkie's 82, and 54.vii% of the popular vote to Wilkie'southward 44.8%.
December 30, 1940:
In its annual written report, the U.South. Post Office declares "record earnings" and an "e'er-increasing volume of mail." Subsequently suffering through the early years of the Great Depression, the Post Function has experienced steady revenue gains from 1935 on, due in part to New Bargain economical policies. The Postal service Function also benefits from New Bargain construction & fine art activities, with over 1,000 new post offices added, and artwork placed in both old and new post offices.
During 1940:
Later vii years of the New Bargain, the unemployment charge per unit is nine.5% (compared to about 22.9% at the showtime of Roosevelt'due south presidency – a 58% reduction). From 1939, the gdp has risen another 10.1%. The Dow Jones Industrial Boilerplate is down to about 131, but nevertheless more than than twice every bit high as when Roosevelt took part (the Dow will not rise significantly again until nearly the end of the war, but the nation's gross domestic product soars). Betwixt 1934 and 1940, there are a full of 355 banking concern failures – compared to xiv,807 bank failures from 1921 through 1933.
Jan half-dozen, 1941:
President Roosevelt delivers his 4 Freedoms speech (a Country of the Union speech), calling for freedom of religion, freedom of voice communication, freedom from desire, and freedom from fear, for people "everywhere in the world."
Jan 20, 1941:
During his third inaugural address, Roosevelt tells the American people: "Most vital to our nowadays and to our future is this experience of a commonwealth which successfully survived crisis at home; put away many evil things; congenital new structures on indelible lines; and, through it all, maintained the fact of its commonwealth."
December 7, 1941:
Nihon attacks Pearl Harbor. About 2,400 people are killed and America'southward Pacific fleet is heavily damaged.
December eight, 1941:
President Roosevelt informs Congress: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked past naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan." America declares war on Nihon.
Dec 11, 1941:
Germany and Italy declare war on the U.s.a..
During 1941:
As Globe War Ii expands, more and more than of America'due south public works spending is devoted to national defence projects.
January 6, 1942:
In his State of the Union voice communication, Roosevelt emphasizes the need for wide-calibration war production and states, "nosotros are fighting on the same side with the British people… the Russian people…the brave people of Red china…We are fighting today for security, for progress, and for peace, non only for ourselves but for all men, not only for one generation merely for all generations. We are fighting to cleanse the world of ancient evils, ancient ills."
June 30, 1942:
With its funding terminated, and money set aside for its liquidation, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) ends. The men of the CCC had planted 3 billion trees and created, developed, or improved 800 state parks. Many become onto leadership roles in the armed forces.
During 1942:
As war spending and employment in the military & defence industries increase, New Deal agencies devoted to public works and work relief begin to air current down.
January 7, 1943:
During his Country of the Union address, Roosevelt elaborated on function of his Iv Freedoms speech from 1941: "The people at dwelling house, and the people at the front, are wondering a little nearly the third freedom – freedom from want. To them it ways that when they are mustered out, when war production is converted to the economy of peace, they will have the right to expect full employment – full employment for themselves and for all able-bodied men and women in America who desire to work… They desire no go-rich-quick era of bogus 'prosperity' which volition end for them in selling apples on a street corner, equally happened after the bursting of the boom in 1929."
June thirty, 1943:
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) ends. During its being (1935-1943) the WPA employed viii.5 million unlike Americans and greatly modernized & expanded America's infrastructure.
June 30, 1943:
The Public Works Administration (PWA) is terminated by President Roosevelt with Executive Order No. 9357. All functions, powers, duties, etc. are transferred to the Federal Works Administrator. The PWA had spent nigh $four billion helping federal agencies, state governments, and local communities modernize their infrastructure.
July xv, 1943:
The Section of Fine Arts (formerly chosen the Treasury Section of Painting and Sculpture) comes to an end. Betwixt 1933 and 1943, this art program created over 1,000 murals and over 260 sculptures for federal buildings, e.g., post offices. In 1939, the program had been transferred to the newly-created Public Buildings Assistants.
During 1943:
The PWA and most New Bargain work-relief programs are terminated. However, many of their projects, e.g., ships, hydroelectric power plants, and improvements to military bases, boost America's state of war endeavour.
January 1, 1944:
The National Youth Assistants (NYA) programme ends. During its viii-twelvemonth existence, the NYA had employed over 4.7 meg young men and women who were in need of assistance. It helped them completed high schoolhouse & higher, offered job training, gave a small paycheck and, through it all, improved the nation – copse planted, buildings constructed, scientific studies performed, etc.
January 11, 1944:
President Roosevelt delivers a "Fireside Chat" State of the Union radio broadcast that will get known as the Second Neb of Rights voice communication. The president promotes "a new basis of security and prosperity… regardless of station, race, or creed," and advocates for Americans to have the right to jobs, good wages, liberty from unfair competition, housing, medical care, a good education, and "protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment."
November 7, 1944:
Roosevelt wins his fourth term equally president, beating Republican challenger Thomas Dewey. Roosevelt wins 432 Electoral Higher votes (81.4%) to Dewey's 99, and 53.iv% of the popular vote to Dewey'southward 45.9%.
During 1943-44:
The tide of the war turns decisively in favor of the allies. D-Twenty-four hours (June 6, 1944) opens up a western front and marks the beginning of the end of the state of war.
Jan 20, 1945:
In his fourth and final inaugural address, Roosevelt states: "Our Constitution of 1787 was not a perfect musical instrument; information technology is not perfect yet. Simply information technology provided a firm base of operations upon which all manner of men, of all races and colors and creeds, could build our solid structure of democracy."
April 12, 1945:
President Roosevelt dies in Warm Springs, Georgia. He was 63.
May 8, 1945:
Deutschland surrenders.
Baronial xv, 1945:
Japan surrenders and the war ends. About 60 1000000 soldiers and civilians were killed during Earth War II.
During 1945:
The war ends and America emerges as the earth's overwhelming dominant economic and armed services power, with two-thirds of global manufacturing chapters.
After 1945:
With New Deal policies and infrastructure in place, the mail service-war economy expands forth New Deal roads, across New Deal bridges, and out of New Deal airports. The middle-class experiences unprecedented growth.
July 16, 1946
The Agency of Land Management is created by President Truman under Reorganization Plan No. 3 by merging the old General Country Role and New Bargain-era US Grazing Service.
June xxx, 1949:
The Federal Works Agency (FWA) ends, its function and duties to be carried on by the newly-created Full general Services Administration (GSA) (pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949).
July 1, 1949:
The Public Roads Administration reverts back to its pre-1939 name, the "Bureau of Public Roads" (BPR) (pursuant to the Federal Property and Authoritative Services Deed of 1949). Planning has already started on a national arrangement of interstate and military highways, which will exist built with funding from the 1956 Highway Act.
July 1, 1949:
The Public Buildings Assistants (PBA) becomes the "Public Buildings Service," a component unit of the newly-created General Services Assistants (GSA) (pursuant to the Federal Property and Authoritative Services Act of 1949).
April 11, 1953:
The Federal Security Agency (FSA) ends, its duties and responsibilities are taken over by the newly-created Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953).
February 15, 1955:
The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA) ends (pursuant to a joint resolution of Congress) later on twenty years of improving the island's infrastructure, education, and medical needs.
October thirteen, 1994:
The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) is terminated by the Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Section of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994. Its functions are absorbed into the Rural Utilities Service. The same act changes the name of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) to the "Natural Resources Conservation Service" (NRCS).
Today:
Many New Deal polices & programs even so benefit the nation, east.k., Social Security, the Tennessee Valley Say-so, the Bonneville Power Administration, and the Federal Eolith Insurance Corporation. Also, much of the infrastructure created past New Bargain work programs, e.g., roads built with CWA labor, bridges financed with PWA funds, parks developed by the CCC, and water lines installed by the WPA, are however used by tens of millions of Americans. And New Bargain artwork, depicting our shared heritage from the colonial days through the early part of the 20th century, tin still be found in many public places.
Sources of Economic Data in the Timeline:
Unemployment: (ane) Robert A. Margo, "Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. two (Spring 1993), pp. 41-59, using the Darby numbers in Tabular array one. (ii) Michael R. Darby, "Iii-And-A-Half 1000000 U.S. Employees Have Been Mislaid; Or, An Explanation of Unemployment, 1934-1941," Periodical of Political Economy, Vol. 84, No. 1 (February 1976), pp. ane-sixteen.
Gross domestic product: "Gross Domestic Product (Gross domestic product) – Percentage modify from preceding period," U.S. Agency of Economic Analysis, http://www.bea.gov/national/alphabetize.htm#gross domestic product, data accessed and current through October 3, 2015.
Dow Jones Industrial Boilerplate: "DJIA Historical Timeline," Due south&P Dow Jones Indices, LLC, http://www.djaverages.com/, accessed October 3, 2015 (once at this site, click on "Interactive Learning Center," under the "Resource Centre" menu option).
Depository financial institution Failures: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, at http://www.fdic.gov/exhibit/p1.html#/ten (Ascension Bank Failures) and http://www5.fdic.gov/hsob/SelectRpt.asp?EntryTyp=30 (Historical Statistics on Banking), accessed October 3, 2015.
Help United states of america Map the New Deal
with Our Mobile App
The Living New Deal online map is making the legacy of New Deal public works and artworks visible to the public. We have crowdsourced thousands of sites, but that's but the tip of the iceberg. Now, the free Living New Deal app for iPhones makes the job of documenting New Deal sites easier. New Bargain sleuths can photo their discoveries, add text and sound, and submit their findings automatically (with GPS coordinates), to be added to the national map. Users can switch easily between app and map to become oriented and observe previously documented sites.
Source: https://livingnewdeal.org/what-was-the-new-deal/timeline/
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