Star Trek Wine City on the Edge of Forever Art
| E | |
|---|---|
| E due east | |
| (Meet below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin linguistic communication |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0045, U+0065 |
| Alphabetical position | 5 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Fourth dimension catamenia | c. 700 BC to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (Meet below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters ordinarily used with | ee |
E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the mod English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is east (pronounced ); plural ees,[one] Es or Due east'due south.[two] Information technology is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, High german, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish. [3] [iv] [five] [6] [7]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph qʼ | Proto-Sinaitic | Proto-Canaanite hillul | Phoenician He | Etruscan E | Greek Epsilon | Latin/ Cyrillic Due east |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Latin letter 'Eastward' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic alphabetic character hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling homo effigy (hillul 'jubilation'), and was nigh likely based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨east⟩ in European languages
English
Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and brusque /e/, the Nifty Vowel Shift inverse long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while brusk /ɛ/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the terminate of words like queue.
Other languages
In the orthography of many languages it represents either [east], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨eastward⟩ are mutual to signal either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German language.
Other systems
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid forepart unrounded vowel.
Nearly common letter of the alphabet
'Due east' is the most common (or highest-frequency) alphabetic character in the English linguistic communication alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story "The Gold-Bug" by Edgar Allan Poe, a grapheme figures out a random character lawmaking past remembering that the most used letter of the alphabet in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular alphabetic character to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright'southward Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative problems were acquired past linguistic communication limitations imposed past the lack of East."[eight] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.[9]
- Due east with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[ten]
- ⱸ : Eastward with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[11]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
- The umlaut diacritic ¨ used to a higher place a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, only capital forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter of the alphabet epsilon / open eastward, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook[x]
- Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open up e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ɝ : Latin modest letter of the alphabet reversed epsilon / open up e with hook, which represents a rhotacized open-mid central vowel in the IPA
- ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open e with retroflex claw[10]
- ᶟ : Modifier letter pocket-sized reversed epsilon / open e[10]
- ɞ : Latin small letter closed reversed open up e, which represents an open-mid key rounded vowel in IPA (shown every bit ʚ on the 1993 IPA nautical chart)
- Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid cardinal vowel in the IPA
- Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
- ɘ : Latin letter of the alphabet reversed eastward, which represents a close-mid key unrounded vowel in the IPA
- The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of east and epsilon / open e:[12]
- U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN Letter Pocket-size Majuscule E
- U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN Pocket-size LETTER TURNED OPEN E
- U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER Alphabetic character Majuscule E
- U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL REVERSED East
- U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER Letter SMALL E
- U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER Letter Pocket-sized Open up Due east
- U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER Alphabetic character SMALL TURNED OPEN E
- U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN Letter Small-scale CAPITAL TURNED East [13]
- e : Subscript small east is used in Indo-European studies[xiv]
- Teuthonista phonetic transcription organization symbols related to East:[xv]
- U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN Pocket-size Letter of the alphabet BLACKLETTER E
- U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED E
- U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN Pocket-sized LETTER E WITH FLOURISH
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤄 : Semitic alphabetic character He (alphabetic character), from which the following symbols originally derive
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Ukrainian Ye
- Э э : Cyrillic letter Eastward
- Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
- 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin Eastward
- ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic East
- 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- € : Euro sign.
- ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged appurtenances for auction within the European Wedlock).
- due east : the symbol for the simple charge (the electric charge carried by a single proton)
- ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
- ∈ : the symbol for prepare membership in set theory.
- 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.
Code points
| Preview | E | e | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper name | LATIN CAPITAL Alphabetic character E | LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet E | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | december | hex |
| Unicode | 69 | U+0045 | 101 | U+0065 |
| UTF-8 | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
| Numeric character reference | E | E | e | e |
| EBCDIC family | 197 | C5 | 133 | 85 |
| ASCII one | 69 | 45 | 101 | 65 |
- ane Too for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'eastward' is signed by extending the index finger of the correct hand touching the tip of alphabetize on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.
Use every bit a number
In the hexadecimal (base of operations 16) numbering system, E is a number that corresponds to the number fourteen in decimal (base 10) counting.
References
- ^ "E" a letter of the alphabet Merriam-Webster'due south 3rd New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered East's, Eastwards, e'south, or es.
- ^ "E". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN9780199571123.
noun (plural Es or Due east'due south)
- ^ Kelk, Brian. "Alphabetic character frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
- ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Plainly text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Key College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in Spanish". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-eleven. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Letters in German". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
- ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Dance: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin'due south Press (1996): three
- ^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec's novel "was and then well written that at least some reviewers never realized the beingness of a letter constraint."
- ^ a b c d Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-twenty). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-xix. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode 6 Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E
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